2024 Rail shipping cost per ton mile

Published Rates. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.. How many o

Rail Cost Indexes include All-Inclusive Index Less Fuel (AII-LF), Index of Monthly Railroad Fuel Prices (MRF), Railroad Cost Recovery Index (RCR) and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor (RCAF).Download scientific diagram | Cost per ton-mile by mode of transportation 30 from publication: New Technology and Automation in Freight Transport and Handling Systems New Technology and Automation ... Jun 27, 2022 · Revenue Ton Mile: A single ton of goods that is transported for one mile. Revenue ton miles are used to determine the total amount of freight that is shipped by a transportation company. Railroads ... Download scientific diagram | Cost per ton-mile by mode of transportation 30 from publication: New Technology and Automation in Freight Transport and Handling Systems New Technology and Automation ...estimated 70 percent of the total value, 60 per-cent of the weight, and 34 percent of the overall ton-miles. • Measured by ton-miles of the composite esti-mates, trucking was followed by rail at 31 per-cent, pipeline at 16 percent, and water with 11 percent. In general, trucking dominated ship-ment distances of less than 500 miles while rail transportation costs per ton-mile than rail shipping for grain destined for export at central Gulf ports. Previous studies have examined the competitiveness between barge and rail service, focusing on the effect the availability of waterway shipping has on rates and market structure in the rail industry. cents per ton-mile in 2004, compared to 3.3 cents for the second smallest shipment size (6–49 cars). Rates grew 40 percent (1–5 cars) and 7 percent (6–49 cars) to 4.4 and 3.5 cents per ton-mile in 2011, respectively. Rates for both sizes fluctuated from 1994 until about 2004, at which point rates for both sizes began to rise.Airbus puts the fuel rate consumption of their A380 at less than 3 L/100 km per passenger (78 passenger-miles per US gallon). Air France Airbus A380-800. The mass of an aircraft can be reduced by using light-weight materials such as titanium, carbon fibre and other composite plastics. Expensive materials may be used, if the reduction of mass ... May 1, 2001 · When the shipping cost and hauling time was similar, the probability of choosing a truck was 77%. ... For road the external cost is 1.11 USD cent per ton-mile, for rail 0.24-25 USD cents per ton ... Shipping Cost Savings The general shipping costs associated with rail and truck modes are $0.99 and $2.02 per ton-mile respectively. It is assumed that currently both rates are market-clearing and thus a reduction of 5% (resulting from the proposed improvements) is applied to each mode’s rate to calculate shipping costs savings. freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport.The same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. FlexibilityThe same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. Flexibility Let’s talk about what rail pricing looks like on some of the most common long-haul lanes in contrast to trucking rates. Pricing Estimates. For an FTL shipment moving on some of the most common long-haul lanes, these are some pricing estimates on truck vs. rail: Chicago area to LA area. Truck Rate per Mile Chicago to LA: $1.49-$1.68 per mile ...ton-mile in the US: 1 ton-mile * ( 0.907185 t / short ton) * ( 1.609344 km / mile ) = 1.460 tkm; Usage. The metric units (pkm and tkm) are used internationally. (In aviation where United States customary units are widely used, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) releases its statistics in the metric units.)The data tables are based on primary data that EIA collects from plant owners and operators on Form EIA-923, Power Plant Operations Report, and on supplement data and analysis of coal transportation costs that we released in June 2011 and November 2012. The initial report on coal transportation rates covered 2001 through 2008, applied only to ...Canadian National Railway's average fuel cost 2013-2021; ... U.S. average freight revenue per ton-mile in Class I rail traffic from 1990 to 2020 (in current U.S. dollar cents) [Graph], US ...Value Tons Ton-miles Percent Truck (private and for-hire) Parcel, postal and courier Water Air (including truck and air) Rail (includes truck and rail) Pipeline Other and unknown b) 0 50 100 150 200 250 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Index: 1980=100 Intercity truck Class I rail Water Oil pipeline Figure 1.Coal declined at 2.2 percent per year over this period, which affected rail greatly as it contributed to 40 percent of carload ton-miles in 2014. On the other hand, freight flows of crude petroleum have almost doubled each year since 2010, and shipments of nonmetallic minerals have grown substantially at 16 percent per year. Oct 8, 2019 · US intermodal rail regains pricing edge against trucking Ari Ashe, Senior Editor | Oct 08, 2019 3:52PM EDT Despite weak intermodal volume in the third quarter, there is a glimmer of hope for rail shippers as a sequential bump in truckload spot rates have provided additional cost savings. Updated Freight Ton-Mile Estimates Technical Summary. Wednesday, July 26, 2017. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has revised the methodology for calculating freight ton‐miles across modes. 1 The objective is to make more comprehensive estimates by using the estimates of total freight ton‐miles and pipeline ton‐miles from the ...The average shipment by truck was 63 miles compared to an average of 640 miles by rail. Hazardous materials shipments by hazard class Flammable liquids are the predominant hazardous materials transported in the United States, accounting for 81.8 percent by value, 83.1 percent by weight, and 70.5 percent of the ton-miles of all hazardous ...Download scientific diagram | Cost per ton-mile by mode of transportation 30 from publication: New Technology and Automation in Freight Transport and Handling Systems New Technology and Automation ...Published Rates. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.Jan 6, 2012 · The graph below was created using Google’s chart tools. The vertical bar graph shows the costs per ton mile for shipping freight on four transportation modes – truck, rail, air, and water. The costs per ton mile amounts are computed from US Department of Transportation data for 2002. The costs per ton mile were computed by dividing the 2002 ... Feb 24, 2015 · Cost and time before and after construction: Cost per ton: $100 before – 27.5 cents per ton per mile $ 6 after – 1.6 cent/ton/mile; 94% drop; Transit time: 45 days before 5 days after; 89% drop; Steam powered rail (L636): 1828 – first commercial railroad, in Baltimore; 1859 – rail reaches to Appalachian mountains at cost of 3 cents/ton/mile Shipping goods over a longer distance requires more time (capital costs) and fuel (operating costs). Thus, R² = 0.0174 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 2 4 6 8 10 12 Transport cost per ton (ln) Nautival miles Figure 3.3. The “no-relationship” between distance and maritime transport costsRail freight rates should be inclusive of ton-miles or vice versa ton-kilometer hauled per unit of energy consumed, this arithmetic easily translates to rail transportation being much efficient as opposed to numerous other transportation means.Rail freight Canada is not as flexible as highway shipping thus forcing the partnering of rail and ... The ton-mile is a standard measure of freight activity that combine distance and weight. Railway and motor both are the mode of transportation so they have the relationship but rail taken largest percentage of intercity freight ton-miles because: • Economically transport capability for large shipment is the reason rail continues to handle largest percentage of intercity freight ton miles. Jan 13, 2020 · Realistically, no trucking company could achieve an average total operating cost per total mile of $1.16, nor would they survive at $3.05 per mile. However, this article will illustrate the wide variances, and opportunity costs that operators realize on a day-to-day basis. As the main pricing mechanism for trucking is the mile, it is important ... The ton-mile is a standard measure of freight activity that combine distance and weight. Railway and motor both are the mode of transportation so they have the relationship but rail taken largest percentage of intercity freight ton-miles because: • Economically transport capability for large shipment is the reason rail continues to handle largest percentage of intercity freight ton miles. Shipping Cost Savings The general shipping costs associated with rail and truck modes are $0.99 and $2.02 per ton-mile respectively. It is assumed that currently both rates are market-clearing and thus a reduction of 5% (resulting from the proposed improvements) is applied to each mode’s rate to calculate shipping costs savings. RAIL CARS OR 70 TRACTOR TRAILERS VS. OR 144 TANKER TRUCKS 5.4– 42.3 CENTS PER TON MILE FOR HIGHWAY FREIGHT 2.5–3 CENTS PER TON MILE FOR RAIL VS. VS. In 2014, the average rush-hour commuter spent about 42 HOURS IN TRAFFIC, wasting aweek's worth of fuel and contributing to at least $160 BILLION of the nation's delay and fuel cost, according ...freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport.U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight (BTS Special Tabulation) (millions) Embedded Dataset Excel: Dataset Excel: table_01_50_062422.xlsx (37.21 KB) Notes: Based on the Freight Analysis Framework (FAF) BTS developed a more comprehensive and reliable estimates of ton-miles for the Air, Truck, Rail, Water, and Pipeline modes than are presented in table 1-49. Rail external costs are 0.24 cent to 0.25 cent (US) per ton-mile, well less than the 1.11 cent for freight trucking, but external costs for rail generally constitute a larger amount relative to ...Rail external costs are 0.24 cent to 0.25 cent (US) per ton-mile, well less than the 1.11 cent for freight trucking, but external costs for rail generally constitute a larger amount relative to ...TON = divide lading weight by 2000 Rate = $65 per ton Minimum weight in a boxcar not exceeding 52'8" inside measurement = 140,000 lbs Minimum charge = $65 x 70 = $4,550 Assume the total lading weight is 148,300 pounds. The CWT charge would be: The TON charge would be: You can look at various public rates published by the BNSF on their web site.The number of ton-miles per gallon of fuel by barge is 514 miles, by train 202 miles and, by truck 59 miles. Barge traffic does not add to the noise pollution or congestion that is common with other modes. It is the safest type of transportation to move chemicals and toxic materials. Compare the Costs. The cost per ton-mile for a barge is only ...Published Rates. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.Feb 16, 2022 · Get in touch with us now. , Feb 16, 2022. In 2021, the most expensive mode of logistics in India was air with around 18 Indian rupees per metric ton kilometer, more than tenfold the cost of rail ... Combining rail and truck transportation using a transload facility gives you the cost-saving benefits of multimodal shipping. When comparing costs per ton mile by truck and rail, rail has the potential to cut costs in half. This means minimizing transportation by truck can dramatically reduce costs.Feb 16, 2022 · Get in touch with us now. , Feb 16, 2022. In 2021, the most expensive mode of logistics in India was air with around 18 Indian rupees per metric ton kilometer, more than tenfold the cost of rail ... The number of ton-miles per gallon of fuel by barge is 514 miles, by train 202 miles and, by truck 59 miles. Barge traffic does not add to the noise pollution or congestion that is common with other modes. It is the safest type of transportation to move chemicals and toxic materials. Compare the Costs. The cost per ton-mile for a barge is only ... Costs. of a Rail Siding. rule of thumb for new track construction is between $1 Million - $2 Million per mile, depending on who is constructing the track. Some rail clients need alot of track space to handle unit trains over a mile long. Below is a basic cost estimate for a mile long siding. Paying for the siding is driven by a combination of ...The same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. Flexibility Jul 18, 2019 · Most importantly, logistics and distribution companies need to focus on cost efficiency. $ Cost per ton-mile for shipped products is a KPI which may greatly influence the shipping fee for the client on the one hand, and the profitability of the company on the other. For these reasons, low as possible $ Costs per ton-mile should be a top ... cents per ton-mile in 2004, compared to 3.3 cents for the second smallest shipment size (6–49 cars). Rates grew 40 percent (1–5 cars) and 7 percent (6–49 cars) to 4.4 and 3.5 cents per ton-mile in 2011, respectively. Rates for both sizes fluctuated from 1994 until about 2004, at which point rates for both sizes began to rise.Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...By comparison, the differential in cost between the two modes is $ 0.105 per ton-mile. ...cents per ton-mile in 2004, compared to 3.3 cents for the second smallest shipment size (6–49 cars). Rates grew 40 percent (1–5 cars) and 7 percent (6–49 cars) to 4.4 and 3.5 cents per ton-mile in 2011, respectively. Rates for both sizes fluctuated from 1994 until about 2004, at which point rates for both sizes began to rise.Jul 7, 2021 · The calculator takes into account our spot transport rates by truck in Europe. To give you the best price, our algorithms are based on multiple factors such as: Our carrier network coverage in the area of the selected route. Distance between the pick-up and delivery address. Sep 14, 2020 · The weighted average documented rate including the fuel surcharge for coal to utilities in 2018 was $0.0185/ton mile (10 years ago rates were $0.012/ton mile.) Aggregate shippers will never see such rates. Downtown Los Angeles truck rates suggest $0.40/ton mile with perhaps regional rates $0.15-0.25/ton. Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...Download scientific diagram | Cost per ton-mile by mode of transportation 30 from publication: New Technology and Automation in Freight Transport and Handling Systems New Technology and Automation ...A) The objective of distribution management is to provide the required level of service at least. cost. B) There will be cost trade-off between the various activities in physical distribution. C) Distribution can operate separately from marketing and production. D) A and B are true. The railroad cost to ship machinery will depend on the size of the shipment and travel distance. In general, rail shipping has a lower cost-per-ton mile (the cost to ship one ton of freight one mile) than truck shipping. To learn how much it costs to ship farm equipment, construction equipment, and other heavy machinery by rail, get a quote. Jun 26, 2022 · What is the average freight cost per mile? Here are the current rates for the most popular freight truck types: Overall average van rates vary from $2.30 – 2.86 per mile. Reefer rates are averaging $3.19 per mile, with the lowest rates being the Northeast at $2.47 per mile. Average flatbed rates average at $3.14 per mile. Rail Cost Indexes include All-Inclusive Index Less Fuel (AII-LF), Index of Monthly Railroad Fuel Prices (MRF), Railroad Cost Recovery Index (RCR) and Rail Cost Adjustment Factor (RCAF).The same study referenced above showed that external costs per ton-mile amounted to about $2.62 – $5.86 for road transport compared to only $0.3 – $0.82 for rail transport. These external costs include but are not limited to pavement and rail repairs, traffic congestions, accident risk, traffic congestions and emissions. Flexibility Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ... Rail works well for longer journeys and is less expensive than trucking. The point of cost neutrality between rail and trucking is around 130 to 150 miles. Safer transport with an excellent safety record. It helps ease road congestion and lower emissions. Trains burn less fuel per ton-mile than trucks. Drawbacks to rail include:freight haulers, nor shippers, nor consumers. The unpriced external costs of transporting freight by truck (per ton-mile) are around eight times higher than by rail; those costs net of existing taxes represent about 20 percent of the cost of truck transport and about 11 percent of the cost of rail transport.Rail costs assume loading 567 barrels of 956 kg/m3 at 15ºC (12API) undiluted bitumen into 25,330 US gallon tank cars with a track weight limitation of 268,000 gross weight on rail (GWoR). Rail rates are calculated using the American Association of Railways published 2015 cents per ton-mile average rail rates for all services all types of ...estimated 70 percent of the total value, 60 per-cent of the weight, and 34 percent of the overall ton-miles. • Measured by ton-miles of the composite esti-mates, trucking was followed by rail at 31 per-cent, pipeline at 16 percent, and water with 11 percent. In general, trucking dominated ship-ment distances of less than 500 miles while rail Compares cargo capacity of trucks, trains and inland river barges. One common 15-barge river tow has the same capacity as 1,050 trucks and and 216 rail cars pulled by six locomotives. Shows that barges can move a ton of cargo 576 miles with a single gallon of fuel, while trains get 413 and trucks 155 “ton-miles per gallon.”.of Transportation estimates that BTUs extended on per-ton mile total 433 for water transport and 696 for rail transport. However, Greene and Fan (1995)6 found rail and barge efficiencies to be much closer with the BTUs per-ton mile being 344, and 398 respectively. Davis (1999) found rail to be more energy effi- Jun 26, 2022 · What is the average freight cost per mile? Here are the current rates for the most popular freight truck types: Overall average van rates vary from $2.30 – 2.86 per mile. Reefer rates are averaging $3.19 per mile, with the lowest rates being the Northeast at $2.47 per mile. Average flatbed rates average at $3.14 per mile. Rail, Another Option. Another mode of transport which is also considered an eco-friendly option is rail. Trains burn less fuel per ton mile than road vehicles and can have as many 100 wagons for storage, requiring only one driver. There are some additional costs which are incurred in a rail journey which must be considered. Jul 26, 2022 · Rail works well for longer journeys and is less expensive than trucking. The point of cost neutrality between rail and trucking is around 130 to 150 miles. Safer transport with an excellent safety record. It helps ease road congestion and lower emissions. Trains burn less fuel per ton-mile than trucks. Drawbacks to rail include: Jul 18, 2019 · Most importantly, logistics and distribution companies need to focus on cost efficiency. $ Cost per ton-mile for shipped products is a KPI which may greatly influence the shipping fee for the client on the one hand, and the profitability of the company on the other. For these reasons, low as possible $ Costs per ton-mile should be a top ... transportation costs per ton-mile than rail shipping for grain destined for export at central Gulf ports. Previous studies have examined the competitiveness between barge and rail service, focusing on the effect the availability of waterway shipping has on rates and market structure in the rail industry. Locate pricing for any product from grain to coal or from lumber to steel -- as well as information on national tariffs, demurrage and storage charges, fuel surcharges and finance charges. Transit, Routing and Speed Tools.ton-mile in the US: 1 ton-mile * ( 0.907185 t / short ton) * ( 1.609344 km / mile ) = 1.460 tkm; Usage. The metric units (pkm and tkm) are used internationally. (In aviation where United States customary units are widely used, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) releases its statistics in the metric units.)transportation costs per ton-mile than rail shipping for grain destined for export at central Gulf ports. Previous studies have examined the competitiveness between barge and rail service, focusing on the effect the availability of waterway shipping has on rates and market structure in the rail industry. Sep 14, 2020 · The weighted average documented rate including the fuel surcharge for coal to utilities in 2018 was $0.0185/ton mile (10 years ago rates were $0.012/ton mile.) Aggregate shippers will never see such rates. Downtown Los Angeles truck rates suggest $0.40/ton mile with perhaps regional rates $0.15-0.25/ton. A) The objective of distribution management is to provide the required level of service at least. cost. B) There will be cost trade-off between the various activities in physical distribution. C) Distribution can operate separately from marketing and production. D) A and B are true. cents per ton-mile in 2004, compared to 3.3 cents for the second smallest shipment size (6–49 cars). Rates grew 40 percent (1–5 cars) and 7 percent (6–49 cars) to 4.4 and 3.5 cents per ton-mile in 2011, respectively. Rates for both sizes fluctuated from 1994 until about 2004, at which point rates for both sizes began to rise.Jul 26, 2017 · Updated Freight Ton-Mile Estimates Technical Summary. Wednesday, July 26, 2017. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has revised the methodology for calculating freight ton‐miles across modes. 1 The objective is to make more comprehensive estimates by using the estimates of total freight ton‐miles and pipeline ton‐miles from the ...

The railroad cost to ship machinery will depend on the size of the shipment and travel distance. In general, rail shipping has a lower cost-per-ton mile (the cost to ship one ton of freight one mile) than truck shipping. To learn how much it costs to ship farm equipment, construction equipment, and other heavy machinery by rail, get a quote. . Dandb grocery

The ton-mile is a standard measure of freight activity that combine distance and weight. Railway and motor both are the mode of transportation so they have the relationship but rail taken largest percentage of intercity freight ton-miles because: • Economically transport capability for large shipment is the reason rail continues to handle largest percentage of intercity freight ton miles. The ton-mile is a standard measure of freight activity that combine distance and weight. Railway and motor both are the mode of transportation so they have the relationship but rail taken largest percentage of intercity freight ton-miles because: • Economically transport capability for large shipment is the reason rail continues to handle largest percentage of intercity freight ton miles. The ton-mile is a standard measure of freight activity that combine distance and weight. Railway and motor both are the mode of transportation so they have the relationship but rail taken largest percentage of intercity freight ton-miles because: • Economically transport capability for large shipment is the reason rail continues to handle largest percentage of intercity freight ton miles. What is the average freight cost per mile? Here are the current rates for the most popular freight truck types: Overall average van rates vary from $2.30 – 2.86 per mile. Reefer rates are averaging $3.19 per mile, with the lowest rates being the Northeast at $2.47 per mile. Average flatbed rates average at $3.14 per mile.– Tax rates on truck shipping: 2.3¢ per ton- mile, $1.62 per gallon – Tax rates on rail shipping: 0.3¢ per ton-mile, $1.34 per gallon Vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) tax (distance only, not weight) plus fuel tax – Truck tax rate: 30¢ per mile, $1.62 per gallon – Rail tax rate: 12¢ per mile, $1.34 per gallon VMT tax alone – Truck ... Jul 8, 2020 · The Freight Rail Network. Running on almost 140,000 route miles, the U.S. freight rail network is widely considered the largest, safest, and most cost-efficient freight system in the world. [1] The nearly $80-billion freight rail industry is operated by seven Class I railroads [2] (railroads with operating revenues of $490 million or more) [3 ... The study shows that, based on the annualized cost methodology, the transport cost per ton-mile via freight pipeline is cost competitive with truck, rail, and TOFC for four of the five configurations within the Philadelphia-Chicago transportation corridor if the annual tonnage is high. For the fifth configuration, truck is clearly a less ... Bulk trucking is priced based on the ton-mile. This price is based on the weight and distance of the shipment. For example, if you ship 24 tons of a commodity 100 miles it would be 2,400 ton-miles. If the rate is $0.30 per ton-mile the transportation cost would be $720. The ton-mile differs depending on the commodity and equipment needed but is ...Freight Transport Revenue per Ton-Mile. Source: BTS, Table 3-21. Note: Cents per ton-mile. In a competitive market, the revenue a transport company generates depends on its costs and profit margin. High revenue per ton-mile is directly related to high operating costs associated with this revenue generation. The most important factor related to ...Updated Freight Ton-Mile Estimates Technical Summary. Wednesday, July 26, 2017. The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) has revised the methodology for calculating freight ton‐miles across modes. 1 The objective is to make more comprehensive estimates by using the estimates of total freight ton‐miles and pipeline ton‐miles from the ...transportation costs per ton-mile than rail shipping for grain destined for export at central Gulf ports. Previous studies have examined the competitiveness between barge and rail service, focusing on the effect the availability of waterway shipping has on rates and market structure in the rail industry. Table 1: Grain Transport Cost Indicators (xlsx) - Weekly changes in truck, rail, barge, and ocean freight rates using diesel prices, nearby secondary rail market rates, Illinois barge rates, and ocean freight rates from U.S. Gulf and PNW to Japan as proxies. Source: Transportation & Marketing Programs/AMS/USDA .

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